Drawing a link between environmental degradation and conflict has become quite common in the past few decades and particularly after the end of the Cold War. The idea that resource scarcity may lead to conflict is an old one, and the struggle for territory in particular is generally regarded as the most pervasive form of conflict. Environmental degradation depletes the resource basis and potentially exacerbates resource conflict. Most of the empirical evidence adduced for these views consists of case studies that suffer from selection bias. However, some statistical studies are also cited. This chapter discusses how various other factors that are associated with conflict interact with resource and environmental factors, notably regime type, economic development, ethnic fragmentation, and past conflict. The case for environmental conflict is also modified by a more balanced view of global scarcity, by the declining role of population pressure, and by the possibility of environmental cooperation.